Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation Research
JOSTIR publishes theoretical, practical, research, analytical and reviewed papers in all aspects of natural sciences, bio-medical & life sciences, medical Sciences, earth & environmental sciences, engineering & materials development, agricultural technology, logistics and innovation researches.
School of Postgraduate Studies, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, W/Africa
Hydroponics Fodder Yield Characteristics of Selected Local Seeds in Southeastern Nigeria
This study aimed to produce hydroponic fodders from selected local seeds and characterize their subsequent growth. The research was conducted in two phases. The initial phase assessed the germination potential of seven local seeds: white and red sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), maize (Zea mays), fonio (Digitaria exilis), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), and soybean (Gycine max). Forty-five seeds of each type were primed by soaking in water for 4 hours, then weighed and divided into three replicates (15 seeds/replicate) in a completely randomized design (CRD). Seeds were monitored every 24 hours for 96 hours, with 12-hourly moistening, to determine daily germination rate and weight changes. Based on superior germination, white sorghum, red sorghum, and millet were selected for the next phase. The second phase involved the production of hydroponic fodder. For each selected seed type, 2.5 kg were divided into five 500 g groups (T 1 to T5 ). T 1 served as the control (unsprouted seeds), while T 2 to T 5 were sprouted. The seeds were activated by soaking, drained after 4 hours, and left for 24 hours to hasten germination. They were then transferred to 12 x 16 x 1 (depth) in plastic trays with drainage in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), resulting in 15 trays (5 per seed type). The setup was housed in a naturally lit and airy room and irrigated three times daily for eight days to produce the fodder. Fodder yield characteristics and growth data were recorded on days 1, 4, 6, and 8. The results indicated that fodder weights were comparable up to the fifth day, after which the millet recorded a significantly higher (p<0.05) final weight than the sorghums. Millet fodder increased in weight by 280.8% of the initial 500 g seed weight, compared to 201.6% for white sorghum and 236.8% for red sorghum. Conversely, the sorghum seeds produced significantly taller (p<0.05) fodder than millet. In conclusion, both sorghum and millet seeds are suitable for hydroponic fodder production in southeastern Nigeria. Millet may be preferred for heavier fodder yield, while sorghum is advantageous for taller fodder growth.
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The Evaluation of the Solvent Fractions of the Fruits, Leaves, and the Stem Bark of Sarcocephalus latifolius (SM.) E. A. Bruce for Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activities
The geared trend in using medicinal plants in the management of various human ailments, cancer inclusive has gained significant consideration. Despite the innovations in technology, and the advent of foremost therapies, there is a growing inclination towards herbal medicine. In traditional medicine, Sarcocephalus latifolius (SL) is utilized to treat cancer; however, its efficacy in doing so has not been scientifically confirmed or supported by empirical data. The study evaluated the antioxidant and the cytotoxicity profile of the fruits, leaves and the stem bark of SL. These plant parts were harvested, washed, air-dried, pulverised and soaked in 100% methanol to obtain the crude methanol extracts (CMESL, MCESLL and CMESBSL). These were partitioned successively between n-hexane chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol to obtain their respective fractions, N-hexane (HFSL, HFSLL and HFSBSL), chloroform (CFSL, CFSLL, and CFSBSL), ethyl acetate (EFSL, EFSLL, and EFSBSL), and the methanol (MFSL, MFSLL and MFSBSL). These extracts and fractions were subjected to in vitro antioxidant assays (DPPH, TAC, TPC and FRAP) and an in vivo cytotoxicity test using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), to determine their LC50. The results reveal that CFSL, CFSLL and CFSBSL is the most cytotoxic when compared to the other fractions, and for the antioxidant assays, the ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves and stem bark, EFSLL, and EFSBSL and the chloroform fraction, CFSL of the fruits, had the peak activity. Sarcocephalus latifolius plant demonstrates the potential as a rich reservoir for antioxidants and might have bioactive agents responsible for the anticancer effects.
Spoken Command Recognition System for Hands-Free Door Control
This paper presents the development of a Spoken Command Recognition System (SCRS) that utilizes a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) for hands-free door access control. The system interprets voice commands, specifically "open" and "close", to activate a solenoid that locks or unlocks a door. A dataset comprising 2,000 labeled audio samples (open/close commands) and 70 environmental noise samples was collected. Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) were extracted from the recordings, with 80% used to train the CNN and the remaining 20% reserved for validation. The trained model was quantized using Edge Impulse and deployed on an ESP32-S3 microcontroller using TensorFlow Lite. The deployed system achieved a recognition accuracy of 97.5% with a real-time response time of 3000ms. The SCRS offers a low-power, real-time, and moderately noise-tolerant solution for voice-activated door access. Keywords: Speaker recognition, CNN, embedded systems, ESP32-S3, door access control.
Efficient Decolorization of Textile Dye by Immobilized Thermotolerant Laccase from Bacillus subtilis CFB-09
The widespread discharge of textile dyes into aquatic environments has led to a growing public health concern, as a result of their toxicity in water bodies. Hence, there is urgent need for sustainable dye removal strategies. Enzyme-based bioremediation has emerged as a promising eco-friendly approach, with laccase, a multicopper oxidase, gaining attention due to its ability to oxidize a wide range of phenolic compounds including lignin-mimicking dyes. Therefore, this study explores the degradation of methyl blue dye using laccase from Bacillus subtilis CFB-09. The physicochemical properties of free and immobilized laccase were characterized, and their decolorization efficiency was evaluated across varied dye concentration (25-200 mg/L). Results showed that free and immobilized laccase exhibited optimal activity at 30 °C, pH 5.0 and 40 °C, pH 6.0, respectively. Free laccase demonstrated high thermal stability by retaining over 80% residual activity up to 70 °C for 180 min of incubation, while immobilized laccase exhibited a gradual decline in activity yet retained over 50% residual activity at 30-70 °C for 90 min. Decolorization studies of methyl blue showed that both free and immobilized laccase achieved maximum decolorization at lower dye concentrations. Remarkably, at 125 mg/L, immobilized laccase exhibited slightly higher decolorization (81.28%) than free laccase (78%) after 120 h, indicating enhanced stability and prolonged activity, while at higher concentration (200 mg/L), both free and immobilized laccase showed reduced efficiency (~6.87%). These findings suggest that both free and immobilized laccase hold promise as cost-effective and eco-friendly solutions for mitigating the environmental and health hazards associated with textile dye pollution.
Gastronomical Practices and Sustainable Ecotourism Development
Abstract This study presents findings from an assessment of management styles applied to gastronomical practices in selected ecotourism destinations in Lagos and Oyo States, Nigeria.he evaluation integrates structured questionnaires and stakeholder feedback to examine key managerial components such as decision-making regarding menu changes, staff involvement, training on local gastronomy, resource allocation, responsiveness to culinary trends, and communication effectiveness. A total of 10 key questionnaire items were rated by staff and management respondents across multiple ecotourism sites, capturing perspectives on how gastronomical activities are managed and improved. Data analysis techniques such as descriptive statistics and mean score interpretation was employed to evaluate the extent of agreement with each management indicator. Results indicate strong positive perceptions in areas such as innovation encouragement, resource allocation, and staff engagement, with an overall mean score of 3.93—suggesting supportive and participatory management styles. However, the findings also highlight areas needing enhancement, particularly flexibility in adapting menus and responsiveness to staff suggestions. The study provides actionable insights for refining gastronomical management practices within ecotourism, contributing to more sustainable and culturally enriching tourist experiences in developing regional destinations.
Determinants of Women Participation in Cassava Production in Imo State, Nigeria
The study analyzed how socioeconomic factors and newly released cassava varieties impact women's participation and income generation in the value chain, aiming to promote gender-inclusive agricultural development. This study examines the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of women involved in cassava production. Most participants are middle-aged (31–50 years), married, and head large households, highlighting their central role in household sustenance and income generation. The majority possess secondary education, which may enhance their adoption of improved practices. Women predominantly farm small plots (1–2 hectares), reflecting persistent land access constraints. Annual earnings are modest, with most earning ₦101,000–₦200,000, indicating limited economic empowerment. Farmers prioritize high-yielding cassava varieties, though early maturity and income potential are also valued. These findings underscore the need for interventions targeting land access, improved varieties, and market opportunities. Ordinary least squares regression analysis revealed that 82.17% of the variability in women’s participation in cassava production in Imo State is explained by key socio-economic factors. Age and household size showed significant negative effects, indicating that older women and those from larger households are less likely to participate. In contrast, marital status, education, farmers’ association membership, and access to credit all had positive and significant impacts, with education and association membership being especially influential. Regarding income control, only 22.22% of women had full autonomy over cassava sales revenue, while the majority (77.78%) shared decision-making, highlighting both collaborative and independent financial roles within households. Key words: Women, Cassava, participation, Income generation
Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Local and Exotic Tomatoes using Morphological Traits and Simple Sequence Repeat Molecular Markers
This study investigated the genetic diversity among local, exotic tomato varieties, and their progenies, recognizing the crop's global importance and the necessity of germplasm knowledge for breeding and conservation. The research employed both morphological traits and simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Morphological data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis and Single Linkage Cluster Analysis, while molecular data were processed with Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System Software. Results revealed significant genetic diversity among the tomato genotypes. However, inconsistencies were observed in genotype clustering when comparing morphological and molecular characterization, although some genotypes showed consistent grouping across both methods. The study concludes by recommending the combined application of morphological traits and molecular markers for comprehensive diversity studies, leveraging their complementary effects for more robust insights into tomato germplasm.
Strength Performance of Different Lightweight Concrete
This study investigates the strength performance of different lightweight concretes using polystyrene, palm kernel shell, and pumice as replacements for traditional coarse aggregates in a consistent 1:2:4 mix ratio. Lightweight concrete offers potential advantages in reducing structural weight while maintaining adequate strength for various applications. A control mix of regular concrete with the same 1:2:4 ratio was prepared to serve as a benchmark. The mechanical properties of both the lightweight and control concretes were evaluated through compressive, tensile, and flexural strength tests at curing periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. In addition, workability was assessed using slump tests, while water absorption tests were performed to evaluate porosity. The findings demonstrated that the lightweight aggregates considerably decreased the density of the concrete to values within the lightweight concrete range (1402–1979 kg/m³), as opposed to normal concrete density of not less than 2400 kg/m³. Pumice was the most effective lightweight aggregate overall, with a compressive strength of 11.22 MPa at 28 days (about 70% of the control) and improved flexural and tensile strength in comparison to other lightweight mixes. Although polystyrene demonstrated the lowest structural performance (2.05 MPa at 28 days), it gave exceptional moisture resistance and intermediate strength (6.30 MPa at 28 days) compared to palm kernel shell. The high porosity of pumice (15%), the low absorption of polystyrene (0.3%), and the intermediate value of palm kernel shell (8%), was all highlighted by water absorption tests. According to the results, polystyrene is a good lightweight aggregate for non-structural or insulating applications, palm kernel shell is recommended for moderate-strength, sustainable applications, and pumice is recommended for applications where strength and weight reduction must be balanced. Granite is still the best material for strong structural components.
Covid-19 in Immunocompromised Hosts: A Systematic Review of Disease Severity, Immune Response, and Clinical Management Strategies
This study presents findings from a systematic review of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which has posed great threat to the world, causing devastating effects, especially, on health, social life and economy. Data show that immunocompetent patients have been affected with COVID-19, however, much impact have rather, been reported on the immunocompromised patients as they have elevated risk of severe outcomes of morbidity, resulting in increased hospitalization and death from SAR-CoV-2 infection. This contributed to increased number of cases and death worldwide. The review gives an overview of the diagnoses, immmunocompromised conditions, impacts and clinical management strategies of immunocompromised patients. It adopts a systematic review as a design to collate and analyze the impacts of COVID-19 on immunocompromised patients from literature covering 2019 and 2025. Results revealed that complement protein deficiencies, defect in innate immunity, antibody deficiencies, T and B lymphocytes deficiencies, autoinflammatory disorders among others have been identified as the cause of Primary Immmunocompromised Disorders while major medical conditions and treatments such as cancer, HIV, solid-organ transplantation and immunosuppressive drugs caused Secondary Immmunocompromised Disorders. Clinical therapies identified were the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis, monoclonal antibodies, lymphocyte infusion, antiviral drugs, antiretroviral therapy and immunoglobulin maintenance. However, Immunocompromised conditions varies from persons to persons, therefore, specific clinical therapeutic measures should be used by health care providers depending on the type of immunocompromised conditions for proper management of COVID-19 infection.Keywords: COVID-19; immunocompromised patients; immunocompetent patients; Primary Immunocompromised Disorders (PIDs); Secondary Immunocompromised Disorders (SIDs)
The Sustainable Nutrition on Indigenous Cuisines and Human Tourist Health in Selected States in Nigeria
Abstract In response to global challenges surrounding food security and environmental sustainability, this study explored the role of indigenous Nigerian cuisines in promoting sustainable nutrition and tourist health. The objective was to assess how traditional culinary practices influence tourist dietary behaviors and health outcomes while supporting environmental and cultural sustainability. The research was conducted in four Nigerian states Cross River, Edo, Ekiti, and Delta selected for their cultural richness and culinary diversity. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative surveys (400 respondents) and qualitative interviews (40 tourists). Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, t-tests, and chi-square for the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used for the qualitative responses. Findings revealed that indigenous Nigerian dishes are widely perceived as nutritious, eco-friendly, and culturally enriching. Over 80% of respondents agreed that these meals are rich in essential nutrients and prepared using sustainable practices. Female participants reported significantly greater health benefits than males. Most tourists (69%) found the meals enjoyable, and 58.3% felt physically well after consumption. However, a small percentage reported mild discomfort or opted out of trying traditional dishes due to dietary preferences or concerns. The study concludes that indigenous cuisines play a crucial role in sustainable tourism and public health. It recommends integrating traditional foods into national tourism and health policies, training hospitality workers in indigenous food preparation, and involving local communities in culinary tourism to ensure authenticity and equitable benefits. Keywords: Indigenous Cuisines, Sustainable Nutrition, Culinary Tourism, Tourist Health, Traditional Food Systems
Acaricidal Effect of Spondias Mombin Leaf Extract On Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus Female Tick
The leaf extract of Spondias mombin has demonstrated anthelmlinitc activity against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and adult Haemonchus placei. The active ingredients are molecules that are structurally related to Haem and are hypothesized to function by biological antagonism of haem uptake. Considering that several ectoparasites of livestock are blood sucking, we hypothesised that their survival could be dependent on haem-uptake, The experiments were performed using the adult immersion test (AIT), larval immersion test (LIT) and egg hatchability test (EHT) in 1.25% Triton X-100. For the AIT, the number of females laying eggs were recorded and placed in petri dishes, the petri dishes was incubated at 27–28ºC, 70–80% relative humidity, after 14 days, the eggs were collected, weighed and observed. Each treatment was incubated in replicate with standard drug solutions of cypermethrin using seven different dilutions. The AIT - response data fitted a sigmoidal equation well, (R2= 0.92, Sy.x = 7.90) with an EC50 value of 2.30mg/ml at 95 % confidence interval while Cypermethrin, gave an R2 value of 0.88, Sy.x = 11.00 with an EC50 value of 0.58mg/ml at 95 % confidence interval. In the LIT- Spondias mombin leaf extract gave an R2 value of 0.73, Sy.x = 13.00 with an EC50 value of 4.0mg/ml at 95 % confidence interval, than cypermethrin (7.40 mg/mL) with an R2 value of 1.0, Sy.x = 0.78 at 95 % confidence interval. In EHT, toxicity to egg hatching was found at 1.25% Triton X-100, as 6% of the eggs hatched to larvae.
Analyzing Fish Consumption Patterns in Nigeria
Food and fish consumption patterns is essential for addressing nutrition, food security, and sustainable livelihoods in Nigeria. This study examines the patterns of food and fish consumption in Nigeria, drawing insights from catfish consumption. in Ijare Town, Akure North Metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria, with a specific focus on the gender dynamics influencing dietary behaviors and household food distribution. Through a combination of surveys, interviews, and direct observation, the research explores consumption frequency, cultural preferences, and socio-economic factors such as income, availability, and education. Findings indicate an equal gender representation among respondents (50% male, 50% female), predominantly aged 30–49 years (36.7%), with Christianity as the dominant religion (70%) and most participants being married (66.7%). All respondents had received some form of education, with traders forming the largest occupational group and students comprising 16.7%. Taste (50%) and nutritional value (30%) emerged as the primary motivations for catfish consumption, followed by price (13.3%) and availability (6.7%). Smoked catfish was the most preferred form (50%), and high protein content was the most cited nutritional benefit (83.3%), with fewer mentions of vitamins (6.7%), minerals (3.3%), and low-calorie content. Importantly, the study reveals significant gendered patterns in intra-household consumption. Fathers were identified as the primary consumers (46.7%), while mothers and children shared secondary consumption roles equally (26.5% each), suggesting disparities in food allocation and preference shaped by traditional gender roles. This gendered consumption hierarchy underscores broader societal norms regarding food access, control, and nutritional prioritization within households. By highlighting both the cultural and gendered dimensions of catfish consumption, the findings enhance our understanding of the complex social and gendered dimensions of dietary practices in the community. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating gender-sensitive approaches in nutritional education, food marketing, and sustainable dietary interventions.
Development of a weather-based predictive system for optimizing cassava and cocoa crops yields for farmers in Ondo state
Agriculture is a very crucial sector in the Nigerian economy, it provides food and income to millions of residents. However, the increasing unpredictability of climate regimes which is a direct effect of anthropogenic climate change has a highly negative impact on the total agricultural output in terms of crop yield. This paper aims at creating a predictive model based on weather, which maximizes the productivity of cassava and cocoa in Ondo State, Nigeria. Kaggle repository data on temporal crop yield were collected from 1991 to 2020 using meteorological measures provided by NASA POWER, this weather data was used to gain a calibration of forecasting models. XGBoost (Gradient Boosting) machine learning model was used to develop salient climatic factors like precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture. The findings show that the cassava model had moderate predictability (R² = 0.61) and the cocoa model had less predictability (R² = 0.55). The system seeks to provide the agricultural sector stakeholders with actionable knowledge, which will empower the stakeholders to make evidence-based decisions on how to advance agricultural production and strengthen agric-food systems during climatic disturbances. It follows that the developed predictive system have a significant contribution to sustainable agricultural development and food security enhancement across the region.
Efficacy of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Kigelia africana Extracts in Protecting Sugarcane Against Subterranean Termites
The efficacy of aqueous extracts from Fagara zanthoxyloides and Kigelia africana was evaluated and compared to the insecticide, Dichlorvos (DDVP), for controlling termite Infestation in sugarcane field experiment. The experimental materials used for the study were obtained from FUTA Teachig and Research farm and National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB), Ibadan, Oyo State. Results revealed that extract of F. zanthioxyloides at 60% concentration promoted the highest sprouted setts in the 4th, 5th and 6th weeks after planting (WAP). However, the control treatment showed the highest percentage sett establishment of 94.44% which was significantly dfferent from the botanical treatments. At 20th WAP, sugarcane treated with F. zanthoxyloides extract at 60% concentration produced the highest number of tillers which was significantly different from the other treatments. Similarly, this same treatment F. zanthoxyloides resulted in the highest number of leaves at 10th, 15 and 20th WAP and there were no signifant difference among the other treatments. For plant height evaluated, K. africana extract at 80% concentration recorded the highest values at the 10th and 15th WAP. The largest leaf area was observed in setts treated with F. zanthoxyloides extract at 60% concentration followed by its 40% concentration and they were significantly different from the other treatments. The study demonstrates that extracts from both K. africana and F. zanthoxyloides can effectively function as botanical termicides to protect sugarcane against subterranean termite Infestation in the field.
Efficacy of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in the Improvement and Sustainable Production of Leaf Amaranths (Amaranthus hybridus L)
Improved production of leaf vegetables becomes imperative due to their ability to act as supplements in the usual starchy diets of Africans. To make this task achievable, the use of POME is adopted because it is reportedly rich in essential nutrients, and more environmental friendlier than inorganic fertilizers. In this study, five treatments consisting of fresh POME were applied at the rate of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 t/ha, and NPK 15-15-15 at 400 kg/ha was used for compares. Bed preparation, and other necessary agronomic practices were carried out. There were twenty-four beds of 2 m × 4 m size, arranged in a randomized complete block design field experiment, replicated four times. The treatments were randomly applied to prepared plots, and growth parameters (number of leaves, stem girth, plants height), and total marketable yield (MY) were measured at 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks after sowing (WAS). Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and their means separated, using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%. Fresh POME applied at higher rates was significantly effective in improving agronomic parameters and marketable yield of Amaranthus hybridus. Marketable yield, at (t/ha) was in the order: 60 t/ha-8.93>45 t/ha-8.72>NPK-7.50>30 t/ha-5.90>15 t/ha-4.81>Control-2.23. This study concluded that 60 t/ha of fresh POME could be effective in alleviating the challenges encountered in leaf vegetable production, and would reliably act as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers. However, application of POME at 45 t/ha could also be useful where application at 60 t/ha is unattainable.
Comparison of Nigerian Fermented Food Condiments
Food condiments in Nigeria are consumable ingredients added to meals to improve their taste, aroma or consistency. This research was conducted to evaluate and contrasts the phytochemical content, mineral element, vitamins levels, and overall nutritional value of ogiri okpeyi, ogiri and dawadawa. The analyses were performed in accordance with standard procedures outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The moisture levels observed in ogiri okpeyi, ogiri and dawadawa varied between (11.20a ± 0.28-4.50b± 0.14). The fat levels of the condiments were found to fall within a range of (7.80b ± 0.00-28.60a±0.28). The ash ranged from (3.30a± 1.27 – 4.70a ± 0.14). The fibre, protein and carbohydrate ranged from 2.20b ± 0.00-65.85a ± 1.13. The mineral content of the three food enhancer varied from (3.67b ± 0.16 – 313.05a ± 0.38). The vitamin composition ranged from (0.13a ± 0.01-9.48a ±0.53). The phytochemical content of all three samples investigated ranged from (0.23c±0.00-4.23 ± 0.00). The nutritional result revealed that ogiri had the highest nutritional content compared to others. Ogiri had the highest tannin. Flavonoid, alkaloid and phenol were highest in dawadawa. The highest saponin component was found in okpeyi. Calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus and iron were highest in ogiri. Magnesium was highest in Okpeyi. Vitamin E, beta-carotene, vitamin B1, and B2 were highest in ogiri, while dawadawa had the highest vitamin C. The use of ogiri should be encouraged because it has the highest nutritional content. Further studies should be done on the microbial quality of ogiri to know how safe it is for consumption.
Fungal Pathogens Responsible for Diseases in Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Production in Ondo State Nigeria
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a vegetable that is mostly eaten raw without cooking. As a result, it can serve as a vehicle for fungi to move from farm to stomach, while these microflora also contribute to carrot spoilage and postharvest losses. This study, investigated fungi responsible diseases and spoilage of carrots. Carrots were purchased from local farmers in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, labeled appropriately and taken to the laboratory for analysis. The carrots were divided into 2 groups (A and B). Group A was further subdivided and stored under refrigeration (4 ± 2 oC) and colanders (30 ± 2 oC) to study fungi associated with spoilage, while group B was used to determine fungi present on fresh carrot surfaces. Eight fungi were isolated from carrot surfaces obtained from four markets (Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulas, Pleurothecium recurvatum, Mucus mucedo, Penicillium italicum, Peacilomyces viriotie, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus nigricans). From spoilt carrots, Sclerotini sclerotiorum, Penicillium natatum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Mucur mucedo and Rhizopus nigricans were isolated. All these spoilage organisms were implicated in carrot spoilage except A. flavus. Some of the fungi isolated (A. niger and A. flavus) are pathogenic and capable of producing toxic metabolites posing potential health risks to consumers. In addition, Sclerotini sclerotiorum causes devastating economic losses to farmers. Identifying and controlling fungal diseases of carrot is essential for reducing postharvest losses, ensuring food safety, and maintaining the availability of high-quality, nutritious vegetables.
Evaluation of The Toxic Effects of Some Male Sexual Enhancement Drugs in the Testes of Male Wistar Rats
Testicular damage is one of the most commonly reported adverse effect associated with many herbal drugs in Nigeria. This study evaluated the toxic effects of some male sexual enhancement drugs (ST and DB) in the testis of male Wistar rats. 18 male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups of 6 each. Group I received distilled water only, while others were administered 10 mL/Kg of ST and DB for 14 days respectively. Thereafter, the rats were sacrificed, the testes were harvested and testicular antioxidant concentration was evaluated. Rats treated with ST and DB had significantly (p<0.05) high malondialdehyde (MDA) activity compared to the control; catalase activity was significantly (p<0.05) low in rats administered ST while those administered DB had significant elevation in catalase concentration; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced glutathione concentration (GSH) were was significantly (p<0.05) low in rats administered ST and DB; ST significantly increased, while DB significantly decreased the activity of glutathione-S-transferase. Testicular histology showed degenerative and necrotic changes in the seminiferous tubules. The GCMS results identified chemical compounds such as: 2,5-Furandione, 3-(dodecenyl) dihydro and 5-hydroxymethyfurfural which further raises concerns on the safety of DB and ST for oral consumption. These aphrodisiacs caused elevations in activities that are associated with cellular oxidative pathways as well as testicular damage. Thus, providing evidence that the aphrodisiacs may be unsafe for consumption and not strictly medicinal. Therefore, a more extensive chronic toxicity testing is recommended.
Eradicating Haemoglobin Variants Disorder
Haemoglobinopathies are among the most monogenetic disorders worldwide, inherited as autosomal recessive disorders from healthy-carrier parents. The most common are the sickle cell disorders and the thalassaemias, occurring in people of African, Asian, South European, and Middle Eastern descent. Our study aimed to understand the prevalence of the normal haemoglobin A among Nigerians and the ratio of HbAA to other Hb variants in the country to strategize an eradication algorithm for the haemoglobin disorders. Two independent studies of Hb genotyping were carried out from a neonatal population (387) and from an adult population (298). Haemoglobin electrophoresis at alkaline pH with cellulose acetate was the method of choice. Data analysis was done using simple percentages and the chi-square test.The participants' (685) results were as follows: 544(79.4%) were HbAA, 127 (18.5%) had HbAS, 9 (1.3%) had HbAC, 3 (0.4%) had HbSS, and 2 (0.4%) had HbSC. The ratio of Hb AA to Hb AS (4:1), HbAA to HbSS (181:1), HbAA to HbAC (60:1), and HbAA to HbSC (272:1), respectively. The knowledge and awareness of the participants were tested using a structured questionnaire, and on both sides, there was a statistically significant decrease in knowledge of the adult subjects and that of the parents and guidance of the neonates (p>0.05). It was concluded that making use of the high frequency of HbAA across the nation, a strategic and steady awareness campaign, along with education at all levels of life and guided government policy, eradication is achievable.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Replacing Fish Meal with Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal in Broiler Diets
Rising inflation and overfishing have increased the cost and reduced the sustainability of fish meal, prompting the search for alternative protein sources in poultry production in Nigeria. This study evaluates the cost-benefit and performance outcomes of using black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a substitute for fish meal in broiler diets. Fifty (50) broilers were assigned to five dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% inclusion levels of BSFLM replacing fish meal over eight weeks. Data on daily feed intake, weekly body weight, and total feed cost were collected. Growth performance and economic indicators such as return on investment and cost-benefit ratio were analysed. Results showed that BSFLM inclusion significantly reduced feed costs without compromising broiler health or performance at 25–75% inclusion levels. Feed cost per 25 kg bag decreased from ₦33,317.50 ($20.95) in T5 to ₦18,525 ($11.65) in T1, demonstrating clear economic benefits. Return on Investment was highest in T4 (96.49%), followed by T5 (83.54%), both exceeding the control group (T1, 61.15%). While T1 had the highest feed intake and weight gain, T2 and T3 achieved comparable growth, indicating that partial fish meal replacement with black soldier fly larvae meal does not adversely affect the growth performance. These findings support black soldier fly larvae meal as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative to fish meal as an animal-based protein in broiler production, contributing to food security and sustainable agriculture. Keywords: Animal-based protein, Black soldier fly larvae meal, Cost-benefit-Ratio, Fish meal, Return on Investment
Time Poverty Among Women in Ondo State, Nigeria
Time poverty, which is driven by gender roles and socioeconomic conditions, inhibits women's economic empowerment and their capacity to engage in paid job, education, and career advancement . Rural communities have inadequate infrastructure and restricted access to energy, healthcare, clean water, and education, exacerbating inequality. Multistage sampling procedure was employed in the selection of 150 respondents from rural and urban communities. Primary data were obtained through the use of structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) model and probit regression model. The result revealed that age group with the highest representation was 4150 years. Average ages were 38.05 years for urban women and 44.54 for rural women. Rural women, who worked mostly in informal, physically demanding jobs (92%), had higher time constraints than urban women (60%), although the latter were also experiencing time poverty due to unpaid family commitments. In addition, urban women spent a mean of 15.69 hours/day on various activities, while rural women spent a mean of 16.64 hours/day on various activities, with the overall mean of 16.17 hours/day on various activities indicating increased fatigue and stress on rural women. Using a time poverty threshold of 14.1 hour/day, 71.33% of the respondents were classified time poor. Time poverty was higher among rural women than their urban counterparts. This study applied a probit regression model to data from 150 women to examine time poverty. Age, household size and personal care were significant correlates of time poverty. Age reduced time poverty. Household size decreased time poverty. Personal care decreased time poverty. The study recommends improved rural infrastructure. KEY WORDS: Time poverty, Women, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Ginger Shaft as Novel Adsorbent for Chromium (VI) Removal
The potential of ginger shaft in adsorbing Chromium metal (Cr6+) ions from aqueous solution was examined in this study. Fine particles of adsorbent were used in determining the adsorption isotherm of chromium ion. It was observed that the rate of adsorption increased significantly for chromium between 40 – 60 mins of contact time. There was a sharp increase in adsorption of chromium ions between the pH of 1 – 3 given the maximum adsorption at 98.77%. It was expected that an increase in the adsorbent dosage should yield a corresponding increase in the amount of metal ions adsorbed into the surface of the adsorbent since there will be more site for the adsorbate to be adsorbed. The trend was consistent, which suggests that the use of ginger shaft as adsorbent fully depends on its dosage in aqueous solution. The result of adsorption due to temperature was inconsistent. There was a progress increase in the percentage adsorption as the adsorbate concentration increases. The adsorption of the chromium ions on ginger shaft correlate with the known Freundlich adsorption isotherms with chromium having better adsorption onto the adsorbent because it does have a straight-line graph and the value of the slope is 1/n which is greater than 1. This infers that n is less than 1, which does not correlate with Langmuir sorption isotherm because it does not have a straight-line graph. Therefore, ginger can be used in the treatment of polluted wastewater to adsorb Chromium ion. KEY WORDS: Ginger shaft, adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, contact time, chromium
Neuroprotective Effect of Centella asiatica Leaf Alkaloid Extract on Enzymes Linked with Aluminium-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease in Drosophila melanogaster
The neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is linked with a depletion of the nerve cells (cholinergic neurons) that utilize Acetylcholine for the transmission of signals in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain is the major target in AD’s treatment. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of dietary supplementation with Centella asiatica leaf alkaloid extract on enzymes linked with Aluminium-induced AD in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. Alkaloid extract was prepared by extraction method and 10 mg/ml of the extract was used for the experiment. Flies were induced with Alzheimer’s disease by adding 40 mM of Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) to their diet, after which the flies were treated for seven days using a diet supplemented with alkaloid extract of Centella asiatica leaf. The mortality record of the flies was taken daily and their locomotor performance was measured on Day 7. The flies were thereafter homogenized and assayed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities. Results did not show a significant difference (P<0.05) in the rate of survival and locomotor performance of induced flies treated with the extract and induced flies treated with the standard drug, Donepezil, when compared with the control. Also, activities of the enzymes (AChE and BChE) linked with Alzheimer’s disease were reduced significantly (P<0.05) in the group treated with the extract and in the group treated with Donepezil, when compared to the control. This study therefore suggests that alkaloid extract of Centella asiatica leaf have neuroprotective effect on the enzymes linked with aluminium-induced Alzheimer’s disease in D. melanogaster.
Dynamics and Hydrocarbon Degrading Potential of Microorganisms Associated With Long-Term Polluted Site in South-South Nigeria
The dynamics and hydrocarbon degrading potential of microorganisms associated with long-term polluted soils near automobile workshops in Uyo metropolis was evaluated using standard microbiological techniques. The result indicates total heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts of 5.74 and 4.92 Log₁₀CFU/g, whereas heterotrophic mould and yeast counts were 4.06 and 5.19 log10CFU/g respectively. Heterotrophic microbial abundance was higher than the hydrocarbon degraders and the difference was significant at p = 0.05. Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria identified were members of genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Proteus, and fungal species Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida tropicalis, and Mucor hiemalis. Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Candida tropicalis and Candida pseudotropicalis exhibited high degradative potential with growth diameter of 15,10, 10 and 9 mm respectively. The respiration rate in the control soil was 0.02 mg CO₂ g d⁻¹ compared to 0.24 mgCO₂ g d⁻¹ in the polluted soil. The total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration of 1.3 mg/kg in the polluted soil was 6.5 times higher than 0.2 mg/kg in the control. The heavy metal concentration which ranged from 0.1 to 3.26 mg/kg in the order Zn>V > Pb > Fe > Ni > Co were within the WHO permissible limits and caution should be taken to avoid accumulation and biomagnification in the environment. Overall, hydrocarbon exposed microorganisms, Pseudomonas sp. and Candida tropicalis exhibited competitive advantage in their degrading potentials and are good candidates to be harnessed in remediation of contaminated site.
Camel Milk Attenuates Hepatic Inflammation in Monosodium Glutamate-Exposed Rats
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), is a white crystalline food addictives. Evidence indicates MSG as an inducer of hepatic inflammation. Camel milk is a natural dietary product with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Hence this study aimed to evaluate the effects of camel milk on hepatic inflammatory markers in MSG-exposed male rats. The study involved 24 rats divided into four groups with average weight of 195g, Group A is the control and received distilled water (1ml/kg body weight), group B received (MSG) (6g/kg), group C received Camel milk (5ml/kg) 15minutes after MSG administration and group D served as the recovery group left for 21days without any treatment. The assessment of hepatic damage involved measuring inflammatory markers which includes myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, interleukin-1β, Nuclear factor kappa B.s MSG exposure significantly increased serum inflammatory markers and histological changes compared to the control group indicating hepatic inflammation. However, treatment with camel milk led to a significant decrease in these markers and improved histopathological outcomes. The recovery group exhibited suppressed levels of inflammatory markers, but more pronounced in the camel milk group. The study provides evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of camel milk on hepatic inflammatory markers in MSG-induced hepatic inflammation. These findings enhance our understanding of MSG's harmful effects and highlight the potential of camel milk as a natural therapeutic agent for liver inflammation. Keywords: Monosodium glutamate, camel milk, inflammatory markers, liver histology.
Response Surface Methodology for Enhanced Keratinase and Disulphide Reductase Production by Bacillus subtilis CFB-09 for Cow Hoof Biodegradation
Keratinous wastes are resistant to biodegradation due to disulphide bonds present in keratin. Despite extensive work on keratinolytic microorganisms and keratinase involved in biodegradation, there is dearth of information on disulphide reductase responsible for breaking disulphide bonds. Hence, the need to investigate simultaneous production of keratinase and disulfide reductase by keratin degrading microorganisms, and to optimize biodegradation of keratinous wastes. In this study, Bacillus subtilis CFB-09 was screened for proteolytic and keratinolytic abilities using skimmed milk and cow hoof. Enzyme production was optimized using Box Benkhen Design response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) for enhanced degradation of cow hoof. Qualitative screening confirmed proteolytic and keratinolytic abilities of B. subtilis CFB-09 with clearance zones of 26 mm and 30 mm, respectively. Results revealed optimum enzyme production (39.37 U/mL) at 48 h of incubation of B. subtilis CFB-09. Optimal conditions for biodegradation of cow hoof were 37.5 oC, pH 8.0, and 1.0 % (w/v) for keratinase and 40 oC, pH 8.0, 1.5 % (w/v) for disulphide reductase, having activities of 406.04 U/mL and 139.71 U/mL, respectively. Remarkably, the best numerical solution from RSM for maximum enzyme production revealed a temperature of 35 °C, pH 8.2, and substrate concentration of 0.5 % (w/v) with desirability of 0.80. These numerical solutions yielded 526.85 U/mL and 151.14 U/mL of keratinase and disulphide reductase, respectively. The optimised conditions offer insight into enhanced degradation of keratin-rich cow hoof through improved enzymes co-production. These results provide sustainable tool for keratinous waste management, with applications in leather, detergent, and animal feed industries.
Candiduria is the presence of Candida species in urine samples of patients. It is a public health problem. Therefore the present review was to enrich the data bank of information on candiduria among Nigerian women. Data relating to candiduria and related works were gathered from different search engines including Google scholar, PubMed., Researchgate, African journals online, and Scopus. Other information regarding the prevalence, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, risk factors, signs and symptoms, prevention and control as well as treatments of candiduria were also obtained. Fourteen pooled data studies were extracted using the developed systematic review method which was utilized to analyze the extent of research on canduduria done in Nigeria with regards to the women. Findings by some authors revealed that Candida albican was the most prevalent species found in the urine of most patients. Some Non-albican Candida species were also found in candiduria in some patients. The study also uncovered some risk factors that predisposed the women to candiduria. The study recommends more research on Candiduria in all the geopolitical zones of the country to suggest likely preventive approaches to reduce the rate of infection among women. Keywords: Candiduria, Candida, Women, Nigeria.
Investigation of the Potentials of the Use of Termite Mould In Brick Production
The article discloses the results of the research, which was made on the resources of the termite mould as the building material, and compares its characteristics and application to the traditional ones (sand, and cement). The main materials that were used in the experiment were sand, termite mould, cement and water. The termite mould was used to make three sample mixtures with different proportions (termite mould only, 1:4 termite mould to sand and 4:1 termite mould). Findings indicated that the sample prepared using termite mould (sample 1) had the least water content (6.25 percent), reduced absorption rate (four voids after drying) and the specific gravity of 2.5. Conversely, the sample (3) that had termite mould and cement had the highest water content (15.63%). The sample composed of termite mould and cement (sample 3) demonstrated the highest compressive strength, reaching 24.42 MPa after 28 days of curing. The research has presented practical implications that the research of termite mould soil as a construction material showed that it could be used to produce environmentally friendly and thermally efficient bricks with average compressive strength. Meanwhile, to be practical in the contemporary construction, it requires either the refinement of the consistency of the brick production process and a better material enrichment (addition of more cement or sand).
Effect of Different Improvers on Gluten-Free Cassava Bread For Enhanced Sensory Attributes, Physical Quality and Proximate Composition
The search for substitute flours and useful additives to mimic the characteristics of wheat-based bread has been spurred by the growing demand for gluten-free goods. This study assessed the impact of many hydrocolloid improvers, including carboxymethyl, gelatin, and psyllium husk. cellulose (CMC) and xanthan gum (XAG)—on the physical attributes, sensory attributes, and approximate composition of bread made using premium cassava flour (HQCF). The cassava sample used for this study was sourced from the National Root Crops Research Institute Umudike. Standard bread-making procedures were applied, after which analysis on sensory evaluation, physical quality and proximate composition were was conducted using a 20-member panel on a 9-point hedonic scale, vernier caliper and standard laboratory chemicals respectively. A wheat-based positive control (WPC) and a cassava-based negative control (CNC) were used for comparison. Results showed that bread samples with improvers exhibited varied sensory outcomes, with PSH-enhanced bread, scoring highest in texture (6.40), taste (6.10), chewiness (6.50), and overall acceptability (6.50) among the gluten-free variants, followed by CMC. GET and XAG showed moderate to low sensory acceptance. The physical parameter showed that the height, length, width and weight ranged from 8.34 to 9.58, 14.87 to 16.86, 9.33 to 73 and 471 to 598, respectively. The result showed that among the improved bread samples, samples CMS and PSH increased the height and width of the bread, while sample XAN had a low value in all physical parameters investigated. The study concludes that hydrocolloid improvers can significantly enhance the sensory attributes and physical parameters of gluten-free cassava bread, making it a viable alternative to wheat-based bread, particularly for individuals with gluten intolerance or celiac disease
Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Leafy Vegetables from Open Markets in Abakaliki, Nigeria: Implications for Food Safety and Public Health
Leafy vegetables are vital component of a healthy diet but can harbor pathogenic bacteria, posing significant public health risks when consumed raw or inadequately washed. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on commonly consumed leafy vegetables from open markets in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Fifteen vegetable samples, including Ugu, Green, Curry, Scent, and Bitter leaf, were analyzed using standard microbiological techniques for bacterial isolation and enumeration of colonies. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were identified using the VITEK 2 automated system, while antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed via the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method. The results of colonies enumeration indicated an average counts exceeding 1.3 x 101 CFU/ml and 3.6 x 101 CFU/ml for S. aureus and E. coli respectively. Results of contamination levels, revealed that 60% of the samples were positive for E. coli and 86.7% for S. aureus, including 60% co-contaminated with both pathogens. Escherichia coli exhibited high resistance to Tetracycline (66.7%) and Cotrimoxazole (55.5%) while S. aureus demonstrated significant resistance to Erythromycin (61.5%), Ampicillin, and Cloxacillin (53.9%). Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) values ranges from 0 to 0.6 among isolates. Escherichia coli isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin (100%) while Staphylococcus aureus isolates were susceptible to both Chloramphenicol, and Ciprofloxacin (84.6 %) and Gentamicin 92.3%. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for improved hygiene practices in leafy vegetable handling and stricter regulations to mitigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and foodborne disease risks in Abakaliki.
Prolonged Intake of Levonorgestrel Oral Contraceptive Caused an Increase in Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Nuclear Factor -Kappa B and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Uterus and Ovary of Female Wistar Rats
The incessant use of contraceptives among young adults is a cause for concern. This study assessed the levels of some proinflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers associated with incessant intake of levonorgestrel (LNG) in the uterus and ovaries and the outcome of drug withdrawal using a rat model. Sixty female Wistar rats weighing 110-120 g were randomized into three groups (n = 20). Groups A and B were administered 1.83 mg/kg body weight (BW) of LNG orally once and twice weekly, respectively, while group C served as the control. Five animals from each group were sacrificed at 30, 60, and 90 days. The remaining were observed for 30 days post-treatment to assess possible recovery. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kβ) were determined using the ELISA technique. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the uterus and ovaries were determined using standard procedures. Results showed an increase in TNF-α and NF-kB, especially in the group administered LNG twice-weekly. There was a significant reduction in CAT, GSH, SOD, and GPx in both organs. The GST and MDA were significantly elevated, especially in the uterus. Recovery was observed only in TNF-α, GSH, and GPx in the ovary of the once-weekly group. The uterus was more affected, and animals exposed to LNG twice-weekly suffered more assaults. The ability of the animals to recover following drug withdrawal was observed in the once-weekly treated group and in the ovary.
The Effects of Storage Periods and Pre-Treatment Applications on Germination of Morinda lucida Benth Seeds
The dormant nature of Morinda lucida embryo is a vital concern for seed germination. However, there are limited information on its seeds storage. This study was designed to determine the effects of different storage periods and pre-treatment applications on germination of Morinda lucida seeds. Mature Morinda lucida seeds were collected, cleaned, stored in airtight vials and maintained under traditional seeds storage technique. The seeds were stored at different periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks respectively while freshly collected seeds were used as control. Disinfection of seeds was achieved, using 1, 2 and 3% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes respectively. Afterwards, each category of stored seeds was subjected to pre-treatment applications, using the protocol of Ajongbolo et al., (2018). Data were analyzed, using ANOVA at P≤ 0.05. This study showed that seeds disinfected with 2% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes, gave optimum response with no contamination; seeds kept in storage for 2-6 weeks and control (fresh), responded to germination while seeds stored for 8-12 weeks showed no response to germination. Observations on morphological characteristics showed that seeds kept in storage for 4 weeks had significant growth performance. This study’s result confirms that M. lucida seeds are recalcitrant seeds and their storage can only be achieved within short period of time after collection, because prolong storage showed inhibition of germination response. Therefore, storage of M. lucida mature seeds within short post-collection time, coupled with pre-treatment applications, enhanced good response to proper germination and growth performances for future utilization.
Optimized Saccharification of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) using Free and Immobilized Cellulase from Aspergillus niger
Cellulase immobilization on solid supports is a revolutionary approach towards making cellulose hydrolysis economically viable at the industrial scale. Immobilized cellulases have significant advantages in operation stability, reusability, and affinity to the substrate over free enzymes. These advantages significantly reduce the enzyme usage, product contamination and allow continuous or repeated-batch processing, which are critical to economic industrial biocatalysis. In this study, we applied sodium alginate as a solid support in the immobilization of Aspergillus Niger cellulase. The model substrate used was carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The influence of pH, temperature, and substrate concentration on the saccharification of CMC by free and immobilized cellulase from A. niger were determined. Re-useability of the immobilized cellulase in the saccharification of CMC was also examined. CMC hydrolysis by both free and immobilized A. niger cellulase recorded highest yield at pH 6.0 and 3.0 with 10.9% and 8.5%, respectively. Optimal temperature for CMC hydrolysis by free and immobilized A. niger cellulase was obtained at 50°C and 40°C with 9.2% and 7.20% saccharification, respectively. Optimal saccharification of CMC by free and immobilized cellulase from A. niger was obtained at 1.5% and 0.5% (w/v) substrate concentration with 23.32% and 11.39% saccharification, respectively. Overall, immobilized cellulase systems enable higher catalytic productivity, lower enzyme cost, and improved process robustness making cellulase immobilization a critical enabler in industrial-scale biomass valorization and biofuel production.
Determinants of Rural Women’s Accessibility to Primary Health Care Services in Iseyin Local Government Area, Oyo State
The study assessed the determinants of rural women's accessibility to Primary Health Care services in Iseyin Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 120 respondents. Data on respondents' socioeconomic characteristics, health challenges, and access to primary healthcare services and constraints to Primary Health Care services were collected using an interview schedule and analyzed using percentages, frequency, mean, weighted mean score, Pearson Moment Correlation, and Chi-square at α0.05. The results revealed that the respondents' mean age, monthly expenditure on health, and years of livelihood experience were 41.0 years, ₦5,215.5 and 7.03 years respectively; with monogamy marriage pattern (77.5%), and livelihood activities being farming (96.6%). The most common health challenges experienced by rural women were malaria (WMS=1.93), stomach upset (WMS=1.88), and arthritis (WMS=1.82). Also, immunization against diseases (WMS=3.02), antenatal care (WMS=2.87), and postnatal care (WMS=2.46) were the most accessible primary health care services by the respondents, and was high for 53.3 %. In contrast, high cost of drug (WMS=1.03), inadequate health facilities (WMS=0.98), and unexpected charges (WMS=0.95) were the constraints to access the primary health care services by the respondents. The determinants of respondents’ access to Primary Health Care services were age (r=0.250), years of education (r=0.246), household size (r=0.221), years of livelihood experience (r=0.243), constraints index (r=-0.256), and health challenges index (r=0.264). The determinants of respondents' access to the PHC services were their personal characteristics and the health challenges encountered.
Analysis of Time-Use Pattern Among Rural and Urban Women In Ondo State, Nigeria
Multi-tasking and lack of time saving infrastructure also subject women in the developing world to time pressure since they are engaged in reproductive, productive and community chores. This research examines how the rural and urban women in Ondo State, Nigeria spend their time. These particular goals were to explain socio-economic attributes of respondents, compare their time use habits, and determine the primary challenges of time management. A multistage sampling technique was used in the selection of respondents, which involves the random selection of four LGAs, ten communities, and 15 respondents per community, giving a total sample size of 150 women (75 urban and 75 rural). A well-structured copies of questionnaires was used to collect primary data from rural and urban women. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The results showed an average age of (36.1) years with rural women being older than urban women, (55.3%) were married and (85.3%) were employed while rural women were primarily in agriculture. Urban women were more educated (54.7%) and recorded higher incomes (11,433.10) than rural women. Majority (64.7%) of the urban women are members of the co-operative society while few of the rural women respondents (34.7%) were members of cooperative societies. The results showed that majority (90.7%) of the rural women do not have access to time-saving technology while (56.0% ) of the rural women had access to time saving technology. The majority (85.3%) of the urban women used gas for cooking, while (69.3%) of the rural women relied on firewood. Furthermore, urban women spent an average of 15.7 hours/day on various activities, while rural women spent a mean of 16.64 hours/day on various activities, with the overall mean of 16.17 hours/day on various activities indicating increased fatigue and stress on rural women. There were significant differences in the time spent on domestic chores, wage employment, and family business. Urban women spent slightly more time on ironing and child care while rural women spent significantly more time fetching firewood and water. In urban areas, women enjoy the comfort of electricity and time saving gadgets whereas in rural areas, women are more time strained because of poor infrastructure, multi occupational status and the high volume of unpaid labor. All the respondents lacked skills in time management. Finally, the research paper suggests that special interventions such as enhancement of rural infrastructure, access to clean cooking energies, water, and economic empowerment initiatives are necessary to save time and enhance the wellbeing of women, particularly in the rural regions.
Statistical Analysis of Awareness of Other Sexually Transmitted Infections In Relation to Human Immunodeficiency Virus
We studied statistical analysis of the level of awareness on Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in relation Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) across Nigeria utilizing data from the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). From the study, variables that influenced the level of awareness were identified and the relationship between these variables was determined using Chi-square and logistic regression model. From the results, it was revealed that there is significant differences in STI awareness compared to HIV knowledge. Urban residents, people with higher education, and older populations showed greater awareness of STIs. There is a strong correlation between HIV and STI awareness implying that increased in the knowledge of HIV could potentially enhance awareness of other STIs. Individuals who were aware of HIV were nearly twice as likely to be informed about other STIs, underscoring the benefits of integrated sexual health education programs. Northern Nigeria exhibiting lower STI awareness compared to the southern regions. This geographical variation pointed to the necessity for region-specific public health strategies to bridge the awareness gap and ensure equitable access to sexual health information nationwide. Conclusively, more effort is required to boost STI awareness among rural and less educated populations through targeted, region-based in Nigeria.
Microbial, Chemical, Antioxidant and GC-MS investigation of Bioactive Compounds in ‘Ogiri’ Produced from Raw and Fermented Citrullus lanatus Seeds
The dominant population pressure in Nigeria has led to a rising need for wild underutilized plant seeds and aesthetically pleasing goods in the daily diet. apart from nutritional attributes. African condiment (‘ogiri’) is seasoning food condiment that also serve a low protein and calorie food intake for village dwellers who cannot afford protein. Freshly harvested purchased deshelled Citrullus lanatus seeds (50 kilograms) were sorted, washed, boiled for 2 h before fermentation to produce ‘ogiri’ for 14 days. The microbial isolation, chemical measurements were made throughout the fermentation process. were carried out during the fermentation. The microbial ecology (load and population), nutritional, bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties were determined. The microbial successions of Bacteria and Fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp., Saccharomyces sp. and Candida albicans) were found throughout the fermentation period. The pH increased from 6.1 to 8.2 and TTA decreased from 0.1% to 0.025%. The fermented sample had its mineral elements higher than the raw except on lead; likewise, the proximate and antioxidants had more proximate, and antioxidants compared to the raw sample. Bioactive compounds had the highest area and height at peak 12 with higher concentrations of the following compounds. Their formula C18H34O2, C15H30O, C18H36O, C16H30O2, C13H24O2 respectively. Therefore, the ‘ogiri’ produced from Citrullus lanatus seeds may be incorporated into the food system.
Development of a Web-based SIWES Logbook Management System with Secure Authentication and Role-based Access: A Case Study of Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is designed to connect classroom learning with real-world workplace experience across Nigerian universities. A central component of this process is the logbook, which students use to record their daily tasks and on which supervisors rely for evaluation. In many Nigerian institutions, these logbooks are still kept on paper, a familiar practice that often leads to delays, lost records, and other inefficiencies. To address these challenges, this study aims to design and implement a secure, role-based, multi-user, web-enabled SIWES logbook system to streamline documentation, supervision, and evaluation, with the objectives of improving accessibility, enhancing security through authentication, and enabling real-time monitoring for all stakeholders. The system was developed using the Waterfall Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and a four-tier architecture comprising a React.js presentation layer, Node.js application layer, MySQL data layer, and a security layer employing Bcrypt for password hashing and JSON Web Tokens (JWT) for stateless authentication, alongside Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) for tailored permissions. A user evaluation with 40 participants at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, demonstrated high usability, security, and adoption: 65% were very satisfied, 72.5% found navigation easy, 57.5% rated the system as very secure, and 95% preferred it over paper-based logbooks. These findings confirm that the proposed system enhances monitoring, ensures data integrity, and provides timely feedback, offering a practical, centralized, and secure alternative to traditional SIWES logbooks.
Evaluation of the Fuel Value Indices of Selected Wood fuel Species Used in Nigeria
This study evaluates the fuel value indices of selected wood fuel species in Nigeria, focusing on the hardwood Iroko (Milicia excelsa) and softwood Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxcylon). Proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted on 2kg samples of sawdust (Biomass) from each species to determine their moisture content, ash content, and calorific value, bulk density, the percentage quantity of composition of Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N) and Sulphur (S) respectively. The threshold values for high fuel indices were set as follows: calorific value ≥19.5 kg/m², ash content <1.5%, moisture content <25%, bulk density ≥320 kg/m³, carbon content ≤48%, sulfur ≤0.15%, nitrogen ≤0.8%, hydrogen ≥6.0%, and oxygen ≤40%. The proximate analysis showed that the calorific values of Milicia excelsa and Triplochiton scleroxcylon were 94.9 and 10.9 kg/m², Ash content was 3.3% and 6.1%,with moisture contents of 6.0% and 6.7%, respectively. Bulk densities were 17.8 and 16.2 kg/m³. The ultimate analysis revealed their carbon content of 33.2% and 29.6%, sulfur content of 0.08% and 0.12%, nitrogen content of 0.57% and 0.65%, hydrogen content of 3.1% and 2.78%, and oxygen content of 24.1% and 22.7%, respectively. These results indicate that both hardwood and softwood species possess favorable fuel indices, suggesting they can contribute to a cleaner environment if used sustainably. The study helps enhance understanding of the suitability and efficiency of different wood fuel species in Nigeria, providing insights for better fuelwood management and utilization strategies. The research recommends using this methodology to study more wood biomass species. Keywords; Biomass; Wood fuel; Climate change; Fuel indices
Tourism Entrepreneurship and Women Livelihood Assets in Beach Resorts, Lagos State Nigeria
The emergence of female entrepreneurship has significantly heightened women's participation in economic development. Yet, various obstacles are noted as hinderances to women's empowerment in tourism entrepreneurial endeavours. This study examines tourism entrepreneurship and women's livelihood assets at Elegushi, Eleko and Eko-Tourist Beach Resorts in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data were collected through 157 semi-structured questionnaires administered to female respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson Correlation, T-test) were used for data analysis. Results revealed that a significant proportion (29.3%) of the women were engaged in restaurants, hotels and chalet businesses, 15.29% were tourist guide, horse rental (14.64%), eateries/coffee shop owners (13.38%), photographers (12.74%) while 5.10% and 4.46% were swim coat vendors and women fisherfolk respectively. In addition, 52.2% reported a high level of involvement in tourism-related businesses, 53.5% managed their businesses independently while 49.7% of the women indicated that they choose tourism entrepreneurship in order to improve their livelihoods. Majority (32.5%) of the respondents opted for tourism entrepreneurship due to unemployment, 28% for the urge to use their professional skill and 20.4% due to dissatisfaction with their previous job. Although 35.7% of the respondents used their contribution as financial aid for their business, 25.5% used their personal savings, 11.5% and 10.2% benefitted from cooperatives and bank loans respectively, Key challenges experienced by the women entrepreneurs include limited working capital (41.8%), stiff competitions (19.4%), fluctuation in business (18.9%), inadequate skilled and experienced personnel (10.5%) and high wage demand (9.4%). The study found positive relationship between tourism entrepreneurship for livelihood enhancement and economic power. Keyword: Women, Tourism, Entrepreneur, Livelihood, Beach
Characterization of Bacillus species from Fresh Fruits and Their Biodegradation Potential in the Reduction of Heavy Metal Contents in Banana Juices
Fresh fruits are important sources of bioactive compounds, but are vulnerable to spoilage after harvesting; spoilt fruits have been shown to be reservoirs of both microorganisms and heavy metals. The biological method of decontamination of heavy metals has been reported to be safer for the environment and living organisms. In this study, fresh fruits comprising of oranges, lime, apples, and pineapples were bought from a fruit market in the Ibadan metropolis for the enumeration of Bacillus species using nutrients and De Man Rogosa Sharpe media. Identification of presumptive Bacillus species was done using phenotypic and molecular tests. Amylolytic screening was done using the starch agar plate method. Biodegradation of lead, iron, zinc, cobalt and copper were monitored inside pasteurized banana juice inoculated with Bacillus haynesii and Bacillus subtilis and uninoculated banana juice for a period of five days using analytical methods. Statistical analysis by means of one-way analysis of variance. A total of thirty-five Bacillus species were obtained in this study, of which Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus haynesii were amylolytic; accession numbers of selected isolates are Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus spp. are MG850841 and MG850846, only lead and copper were significantly reduced in both control and inoculated juices while there was no significant difference in decreasing iron, zinc, and cobalt content in both inoculated and uninoculated banana juices. This study observed that Bacillus species are abundant in fresh fruits and they can be harnessed for decontamination of certain objectionable metals in the environment. Keywords: Bacillus species, Biodegradation, Heavy metals, Juices
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Isolates From Ready to Eat Jollof Rice Sold in Different Restaurant in Abakaliki and Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Antibiotic resistance among foodborne pathogens poses a significant public health concern, especially in ready-to-eat foods. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from ready-to-eat jollof rice obtained from various restaurants in Abakaliki and Ikwo, Ebonyi State. A total of 10 jollof rice samples were randomly collected from various restaurants and subjected to microbiological analysis using standard methods. The susceptibility of the isolates to 12 commonly used antibiotics was assessed using the standardized Kirby Baur disc-diffusion method, and the results indicated elevated viable counts, ranging from 2.0 x 10⁴ cfu/g to 1.2 x 10⁶ cfu/g, exceeding the Centre for Disease Control's recommended limit. Coliform bacteria were detected in some samples, with counts reaching up to 4.4 x 10² cfu/g, indicating significant contamination and poor food handling practices. Eight pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, micrococcus sp and Bacillus sp were isolated. The antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed alarming resistance rates, particularly against Ampicillin (80%) and Erythromycin (75%), while Chloramphenicol demonstrated the highest susceptibility (85%). The findings suggest a worrying trend of antibiotic resistance linked to the misuse of antibiotics in food production. The study also underscores the urgent need for improved food safety practices, vendor training and public health awareness. Enhanced regulatory oversight and collaboration among health authorities are essential to mitigate risks associated with microbial contamination and antibiotic-resistant pathogens, ultimately safeguarding public health. Keyword: Antibiotic resistance, food safety, public health, susceptibility, foodborne pathogens.
Survey Of Traditional Fermentation Practices During Fufu Production In 3 LGAs In Ogun State And Potential Health Implications For Consumers
Cassava fermentation is a crucial process in fufu production, enhancing its texture, flavor and detoxification of cyanogenic compounds. However, variations in traditional fermentation practices, including the use of additives, raise concerns about food safety and quality. This study surveyed traditional fermentation practices employed during cassava fermentation for for fufu production in three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ogun State, Nigeria - Ijebu North, Ijebu East and Odogbolu. A survey was conducted among 54 local fufu processors to assess their demographic profile, fermentation methods, methods used to improve the sensory properties of fufu and additives being used. The results showed that all fufu producers were women, with majority (98.1%) aged between 31 and 50 years. Most (70.4%) had no formal education and all were self-employed. Submerged liquid fermentation was the dominant method (96.3%) being used, while 77.8% of the processors usually ferment for three days. Over half of the respondents (59.3%) use fermentation aids such as nails (37%), sandpaper leaves (Ficus exasperata) (11.1%) and Jatropha curcas leaves (9.3%) to accelerate the retting process, while 40.7% relied on natural fermentation without the use of aids. On methods used to improve the sensory properties, findings also revealed that 81.5% of respondents maintained good hygiene to control odour, while 14.8% used alum to improve colour. Additionally, 57.4% of the respondents identified bland flavour as the most acceptable, while 88.9% do not use additives to alter aroma. The findings highlight a reliance on indigenous knowledge for fufu fermentation, raising concerns about the safety of certain additives. The study recommends promoting awareness of safer fermentation techniques to ensure high-quality, health-compliant fufu production.
Integrating Sustainable Design in Southwest Nigerian University Buildings to Mitigate Climate Change Impacts on Staff and Students
The viability of life on earth is facing growing challenges as a result of climate change caused by human activities. As the effects of this climate change intensify, the university community faces increasing pressure to create resilient and sustainable environments for learning and work. However, universities worldwide are actively working to address climate change in order to reduce its impact on the university through sustainable design. Therefore, the integration of sustainable design principles in Nigerian university buildings becomes imperative. The study investigates the integration of sustainable design principles in university buildings across Southwest Nigeria, focusing on the current state of sustainable design, awareness level, barriers and mitigation strategies in these universities. A mixed-methods approach was employed in this study, combining physical building inspections, questionnaire administration, and interviews with key stakeholders, including architects, facility managers, and university administrators. Findings highlight critical deficiencies in current building practices and underscore the potential of sustainable design principles such as passive ventilation, solar energy systems, thermal insulation, and green landscape planning to improve indoor environmental quality and energy efficiency. The study concludes that adopting sustainable design in university architecture not only reduces environmental impact but also creates resilient, healthier learning environments, contributing to broader climate adaptation goals in the Southwest Nigerian universities.
Sentiment and Thematic Analysis of User Feedback from Integrated Wearable and Contact Tracing App in Nigeria
This study presents findings from a pilot evaluation of user experiences with Tracy, an integrated contact tracing and health monitoring system comprising an IoT-based wearable device and a mobile application. The wearable tracks physiological indicators (e.g., body temperature, heart rate), while the app facilitates location-based contact tracing and movement analysis. 128 participants used the system over a defined period and provided feedback on their experiences, including their willingness for continued use. A systematic three-stage methodology was employed to analyze feedback: (1) data preprocessing (cleaning, tokenization, lemmatization), (2) thematic extraction using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, and (3) rule-based sentiment analysis. Four dominant themes emerged: Usability, Performance, Content/Features, and Engagement/Interest. Sentiment analysis revealed strongly positive perceptions of Usability (90% positive) and Engagement/Interest (80% positive), whereas Performance (14.3% negative) and Content/Features (9.1% negative) indicated areas for improvement. Notably, 52.8% of feedback was categorized as "Others," suggesting the need for more structured feedback mechanisms. Thematic analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between positive experiences and willingness to reuse the system, particularly for Usability (95% willingness) and Engagement/Interest (100% willingness). Participants valued the app’s design, ease of navigation, and utility in exposure risk assessment. Key recommendations include optimizing Bluetooth connectivity, reducing power consumption, and improving onboarding processes. These findings underscore the importance of user-centered design, energy efficiency, and seamless device integration for mobile health technologies in Nigeria’s diverse communities. The study provides actionable insights for refining digital health tools in resource-conscious settings while balancing functionality with user experience.
Estimating The Spatially Varying Relationship Between Intimate Partner Violence & Socio-Demographic Variables In Nigeria
Violence against women particularly committed by an intimate partner had become a social and public problem across the world. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is one of the most common forms of violence against women which includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and controlling behaviours by an intimate partner. However, there is limited evidence on the estimating spatially varying relationships that might exist between this violence and socio-demographic variables to determine the pattern of IPV. Therefore, this study examined the spatially varying relationship that exist between IPV and selected socio-demographic variables in Nigeria. This study utilized data obtained from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted during the years 2008, 2013 and 2018 survey in Nigeria. Semi-Parametric Geoadditive Regression Model was adopted. Results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of IPV in Nigeria were clustered. The likelihood of experiencing IPV among women in Nigeria was high among those who their partners drank alcohol and women whose wealth index were poorer compared to women whose wealth index were high or very rich. The study concluded that there was a spatial variation in the distribution pattern of intimate partner violence in Nigeria. Also as a woman advanced in age, her exposure to any form of IPV decreased. Therefore, women within the poorest wealth index, who were not gainfully employed and those with low or without education should be considered in the development and implementation of interventions against intimate partner violence in Nigeria. Keywords: Violence, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Emotional abuse, spatial pattern
Anti Diabetics And Antioxidant Potentials of Whole Wheat Bread Substituted With Lagos Red Spinach Flour and Extract (Celosia Argentea)
This study analyzes the possibilities of adding Lagos spinach (Celosia argentea) into wheat bread recipes to boost its nutritional, functional, and sensory properties. The research addresses the issues of wheat dependency and public health concerns such as diabetes and obesity. Bread was produced from wheat flour substituted with dry Lagos spinach flour (10–50%) and its aqueous extract (230-300ml) were analysed using standard methods for proximate composition, physicochemical and sensory properties, antioxidant capacity, and anti diabetic potential. Results revealed that increasing spinach substitution enhanced protein, fiber, ash, and antioxidant levels, while it reduced carbohydrate content and glycemic index. The bread also showed increased α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, hence a potential for diabetes management. The sensory studies showed that the acceptability reduced from 6.83 ± 1.64 in 100% wheat bread to 3.60 ±1.81 in 50% spinach substituted wheat bread due to changes in texture and colour but are nutritionally superior to 100% wheat flour bread. This indicates that Lagos red spinach is a sustainable ingredient for functional food production, providing the consumers with nutritionally value added bread that can confer health benefits. Key Words: Wheat, bread, diabetes, spinach.